1807

The British navy attempts to force the Straits; the Ottoman government declares war on both Britain and Russia.

1808

An Istanbul revolt instigated by conservative elements within the ruling elite and led by Kabakci Mustafa, a man of the urban underclass, dethrones Selim III. The sultan first is imprisoned and later killed when an army of provincial reformers led by Alemdar Mustafa Pasa advences on the capital to rescue the Sultan. Alemdar, nevertheless, succeds in overthrowing Mustafa IV and putting Mahmud II on the throne.

1815

Congress of Vienna

1821

The Greek revolt and war of independence: the first step in the formation of new nation-states by the former Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire.

1826

Massacre of the Janissaries by Mahmud II.

1827

Greece's European allies help defeat and destory the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet.

1828

Fez introduced, along with judicial, military and administrative reforms on more western models.

1830

Greek independence.

1838

Anglo-Turkish Trade Treaty marks the incorporation of the Ottoman internal market into world economy.

1839

Noble Rescript' promulgated, a liberal charter of reform. All creeds and declared equal.

1853-1856

Crimean war pits Turkish, English and French troops against Russia.

1861-1865

American Civil War.